Citations
"Research has shown that citations can be used as indicators to measure and evaluate research performance. We can use citations to trace the influence of research paper on other papers." As Garfield explains, “The papers marked with frequent citations are regarded as useful by a comparatively large number of researchers and experiments." It is a reliable instrument of measurement and evaluation of documents.
Concept: Citation, Bibliography and References
Citation is a bibliographic references to other works which may be book, journal, web pages or some other kind of publication. Every author have to cite the work they referred for their works. the researcher have to acknowledge the ideas or works of others in order to make their work plagiarism free.
There is a difference be bibliography, reference and citation. the bibliography contained all the bibliographic information you have referred for your work, the reference is the bibliographic details of the work of other that you actually used for your work , the common thing between bibliography and references is that they both are mention in the end of your article or work, the citation is basically the bibliographic details you have to provide in the body of your intellectual work. The one more thing you have to look in case of citation the in-text citation is enclosed in double inverted comma. People always confuse the term bibliography, reference and citation, they think mere bibliographic details in the end is the citation but clearly it's not.
What is Citation Analysis?
There is a relationship established when one author cite another author's work. that relationship or mapping have a underlying message. The influential scientists and the important work by researchers and scientists are cited more often. So that the number of the citation will help us to know what impact the research work holds. Citation analysis is thus about analyzing such relationships by author, publication year, subject category, institution, and language or source title. This method is one of the most used bibliometric method to know the influence of the research paper, author or journal in a particular field.
Must know:
What is Bibliometrics?
Bibliometric research is defined by the OECD Glossary of Statistical Terms as:
"The statistical analysis of books, articles, or other publications... to measure the “output” of individuals/research teams, institutions, and countries, to identify national and international networks, and to map the development of new (multi-disciplinary) fields of science and technology."
Use of bibliometrics:
- analyze trends in an individual or field of research study's
- provide evidence for the impact of an individual or field of research study's
- find new and emerging areas of research
- identify potential research collaborators/collaborations
- identify suitable sources in which to publish
Few tools and online guides that can help you start your Bibliometric research:
What is Journal Impact Factor?
Impact Factor - What is it? Why use it?
The impact factor (IF) is a measure of the frequency with which the average article in a journal has been cited in a particular year. It is used to measure the influence of the journal by calculating the numbers of citation it's articles have.
Calculation of impact factor ?
The calculation of two-year period and involves:
dividing the number of times articles were cited / the number of articles that are citable.
Calculation of 2021 IF of a journal:
A = the number of times articles published in 2019 and 2020 were cited by indexed journals during 2021.
B = the total number of "citable items" published in 2019 and 2020.
A/B = 2021 impact factor
Journal Citation Report
Journal Citation Reports (or JCR) is a product of ISI Web of Knowledge and is an authoritative resource for impact factor data. This database provides impact factors and rankings of many journals in the social and life sciences based on millions of citations.
What is H-Index
The H-index, or Hirsch index, measures the impact of a particular scientist rather than a journal. According to Hirsch, the h index is defined as: “A scientist has index h if h of his or her Np papers have at least h citations each and the other (Np – h) papers have ≤h citations each.”
For example, a scholar with an h-index of 5 had published 5 papers, each of which has been cited by others at least 5 times. The links below will take you to other areas within this guide which explain how to find an author's h-index using specific platforms.
How Calculated: Number of papers (h) that have received at least h citations.
Limitations of Citation Analysis studies
WOS and SCOPUS don't have the total research published all over the world so the citation data is not 100% correct. Their coverage is selective especially from India and other developing countries. Hence, citation data results must be analyzed and interpreted keeping these limitation in mind. Citations count is in reality a measure of interests by researchers in the cited work; it is a measure of the influence of the cited work on the citing work. The quality of cited work may or may not be the basis of its influence on the citing work. The results from citation analysis should be interpreted in this spirit only. Citation data only have the quantitative aspect not include the qualitative aspect. Many conditions have its influence in the rate of citation such as languages, journal history and format, subject etc. One of the example is that the research community varies from discipline to discipline. 
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